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Investigators and Program Directors

Joachim Frank

Joachim Frank

Distinguished Scientist in Structural Biology
Professor, School of Public Health, Biomedical Sciences
Professor, Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Biological Sciences, Columbia University

Ph.D. [Dr.rer.nat.] (Biophysics), Technical University Munich (1970)
Postdoctoral Training: Caltech, UC Berkeley, Cornell

E-mail: jf2192@columbia.edu

<< Research Interests

Select Publications

  • G. Allen and J. Frank. Structural Insights on the translation initiation complex: Ghosts of a universal initiation complex. Mol. Microbiol., in press (2007).
  • W.T. Baxter, ArDean Leith, and J. Frank. SPIRE: The SPIDER Reconstruction Engine. J. Struct. Biol. 157, 56-63 (2007).
  • H. M. Berman, S.K. Burley, W. Chiu, A. Sali, A. Adzhubei, P.E. Bourne, S. H. Bryant, Roland L. Dunbrack, Jr., K. Fidelis, J. Frank, A. Godzik, K. Henrick, A. Joachimiak, B. Heymann, D. Jones, J.L. Markley, J. Moult, Gaetano T. Montelione, C. Orengo, M.G. Rossmann, B. Rost, H. Saibil, T. Schwede, D.M. Standley and J.D. Westbrook. Outcome of a workshop on archiving structural models of biological macro-molecules. Structure 14, 1211-1217 (2006).
  • A. Frangakis and B. Rath, Motif search in electron tomography. In "Electron Tomography", ed. J. Frank, Springer Verlag, New York (2006).
  • J. Frank. "Three-Dimensional Electron Microscopy of Macromolecular Assemblies". Oxford University Press, New York (2006).
  • J. Frank (ed.) "Electron Tomography", Springer Verlag, New York (2006).
  • J. Fu, Haixiao Gao, and J. Frank. Unsupervised classification of single particles by cluster tracking in multi-dimensional space. J. Struct. Biol. 157, 226-239 (2007).
  • N. Gao and J. Frank. A library of RNA bridges. Nature Chem. Biol. 2, 231-232 (2006).
  • S. Kaur, R. Gillet, W. Li, R. Gursky, and J. Frank. Cryo-EM visualization of transfer-messenger RNA with two SmpBs in a stalled ribosome. PNAS 103, 16484-16489 (2006).
  • J. LeBarron, K. Mitra and J. Frank. Displaying 3D Data on RNA Secondary Structures: coloRNA. J. Struct. Biol. 157, 262-270 (2007).
  • W. Li, J. Sengupta, B.K. Rath, and J. Frank. Functional conformations of the L11-ribosomal RNA complex revealed by correlative analysis of Cryo-EM and molecular dynamics simulations. RNA 12, 1240-1253 (2006).
  • K. Mitra, J. Frank and A. Driessen. Co- and post-translational translocation through the pprotein-conducting channel: analogous mechanisms at work? Nature Struct. Mol. Biol. 13, 957-964 (2006).
  • K. Mitra, C. Schaffitzel, F. Fabiola, M.S. Chapman, N. Ban, and J. Frank. Elongation arrest by SecM via a cascade of ribosomal RNA rearrangements. Mol Cell 22, 533-543 (2006).
  • K. Mitra and J. Frank. Ribosome dynamics: Insights from atomic structure modeling into cryo-electron microscopy maps. Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Structure. 35, 299-317 (2006).
  • P.A. Penczek, C. Yang, J. Frank and C.M.T. Spahn. Estimation of variance in single-particle reconstruction using the bootstrap technique J. Struct. Biol. 154, 168-183 (2006).
  • P.A. Penczek, J. Frank and C.M.T. Spahn. A method of focused classification, based on the bootstrap 3D variance analysis, and its application to EF-G-dependent translocation. J. Struct. Biol. 154, 184-194 (2006).
  • P.A. Penczek and J. Frank. Resolution in Electron Tomography. In "Electron Tomography", ed. J. Frank, Springer Verlag, New York (2006).
  • U. Rawat, H. Gao, A. Zavialov, R. Gursky, M. Ehrenberg, and J. Frank. Interactions of the release factor RF1 with the ribosome as revealed by cryo-EM. J. Mol. Biol. 357, 1144-1153 (2006).
  • H.W.S. Scheres, H. Gao, M. Valle, G.T. Herman, P.P.B. Eggermont, J. Frank and J.-M. Carazo. Disentangling conformational states of macromolecules in 3D-EM through likelihood optimalization. Nature Methods, 4, 27-29 (2006).
  • J. Sengupta and J. Frank. Cryo-electron microscopy as a tool to study molecular machines. In "Protein Structures: Methods in Protein Structure and Stability Analysis", Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY (2006).
  • J.G. Slagter-Jäger , G.S. Allen, Dorie Smith, I.A. Hahn , J. Frank, and M. Belfort. Visualization of a group II intron in the 23S rRNA of a stable ribosome. PNAS 103, 9838-9843 (2006).
  • D.J. Taylor, J. Frank, and T.G. Kinzy, Structure and Function of the Eukaryotic Ribosome and Elongation Factors. in "Translational Control in Biology and Medicine" (Cold Spring Harbor Monograph Series 48) Eds. M.B. Mathews, N. Sonenberg, and J.W.B. Hershey, Cold Spring Harbor Press (2007).
  • C. Yang, P. A. Penczek, A. Leith, F. J. Asturias, E.G. Ng, R.M. Glaeser, and J. Frank. The parallelization of SPIDER on distributed-memory parallel computers using MPI. J. Struct. Biol. 157, 240-247 (2006).
  • P.P. Datta, M.R. Sharma, L. Qi, J. Frank, and R.K. Agrawal. Interaction between the G' domain of elongation factor-G and the C-terminal domain of ribosomal protein L7/L12 during translocation, as revealed by cryo-EM. Mol. Cell 20, 723-731 (2005).
  • P.S.U. Adiga, W.T. Baxter, R.J. Hall, B.Rockel, B. Rath, J. Frank, and R.M. Glaeser. Particle picking by segmentation: a comparative study with SPIDER-based manual particle picking. J. Struct. Biol. 152, 211-220 (2005).
  • M. Halic, T. Becker, J. Frank, C.M.T. Spahn, and R. Beckmann. Localization and dynamic behavior of ribosomal protein L30e. Nature Struct. Mol. Biol. 12, 467-468 (2005).
  • J. Lei and J. Frank. Automated acquisition of cryo-electron micrographs for single particle reconstruction on an FEI Tecnai electron microscope. J. Struct. Biol., 150, 69-80 (2005).
  • J. Frank, J. Sengupta, H. Gao, W. Li, M. Valle, A. Zavialov, and M. Ehrenberg. The role of tRNA as a molecular spring in decoding, accommodation, and peptidyl transfer. FEBS Let., 579:959-962 (2005).
  • H. Gao and J. Frank. Molding atomic structures into intermediate-resolution cryo-EM density maps of ribosomal complexes using real-space refinement. Structure 13, 401-406 (2005).
  • G. S. Allen, A. Zavialov, R. Gursky, M. Ehrenberg, and J. Frank. The solution structure of a translation initiation complex from Escherichia coli at 13.8 Å. Cell, 121, 703-712 (2005).
  • N. Gao, A.V. Zavialov, W. Li, J. Sengupta, M. Valle, R.P. Gursky, M. Ehrenberg, and J. Frank. Mechanism for the disassembly of the post-termination complex inferred from cryo-EM studies. Mol. Cell, 18, 663-674 (2005).
  • H. Gao, M.J. Ayub, M.J. Levin, and J.Frank. Structure of the 80S ribosome from Trypanosoma cruzi reveals novel rRNA components involved in translation initiation. PNAS, USA 102, 10206-10211 (2005).
  • K. Mitra, C. Schaffitzel, T. Shaikh, F. Tama, S. Jenni, C.L. Brooks, III, N. Ban, J.Frank. Structure of the E. coli protein-conducting channel bound to a translating ribosome. Nature, 438, 318-324 (2005).
  • J. Nilsson, J. Sengupta, J. Frank and P. Nissen. Regulation of eukaryotic translcation by the RACK1 protein: a platform for signaling molecules on the ribosome. EMBO reports 5: 1137-1141 (2004).
  • J.Sengupta, J. Nilsson, R. Gursky, C.M.T. Spahn, P. Nissen, and J. Frank. Identification of the Versatile Scaffold Protein RACK1 on the Eukaryotic Ribosome by Cryo-Electron Microscopy. Nat. Struct. & Mol. Biol., 11, 957-962 (2004).
  • C.M.T. Spahn, E. Jan, A. Mulder, R.A. Grassucci, P. Sarnow, and J. Frank. Cryo-EM visualization of a viral internal ribosome entry site (IRES) bound to human 40S and 80S ribosomes: the IRES functions as an RNA-based translation factor. Cell 118:465-475 (2004).
  • R.K. Agrawal, M.R. Sharma, M.C. Kiel, G. Hirokawa, T.M. Booth, C.M. Spahn, R.A. Grassucci, A. Kaji, and J. Frank. Visualization of ribosome-recycling factor on the Escherichia coli 70S ribosome: functional implications. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA 101: 8900-8905 (2004).
  • B.K. Rath and J. Frank. Fast automatic particle picking from cryo-electron micrographs using a locally normalized cross-correlation function: a case study. J.Struct. Biol. 145:84-90 (2004).
  • H. Gao, M. Valle, M. Ehrenberg, and J. Frank. Dynamics of EF-G interaction with the ribosome explored by classification of a heterogeneous cryo-EM dataset. J. Struct. Biol., 147:283-290 (2004).
  • M. Halic, T. Becker, M.R. Pool, C.M.T. Spahn, R. Grassucci, J. Frank, and R. Beckmann. Structure of the signal recognition particle interacting with the elongation arrested ribosome. Nature 427:808-814 (2004).
  • C.M.T. Spahn, M.G. Gomez-Lorenzo, R.A. Grassucci, R. Jørgensen, G.R. Andersen, R. Beckmann, P.A. Penczek, J.P.G. Ballesta, and J. Frank. Domain movements of elongation factor eEF2 and the eukaryotic 80S ribosome facilitate tRNA translocation. EMBO J. 23: 1008-1019 (2004).
  • J. Frank. The dynamics of the ribosome as inferred by cryo-EM: induced and self-organized motions. In Conformational Proteomics of Macromolecular Architectures, World Scientific Publishing, Singapore (2004).
  • M. Valle, A. Zavialov, J. Sengupta, U. Rawat, M. Ehrenberg, and J. Frank. Locking and unlocking of ribosomal motions. Cell 114: 123-134 (2003).
  • T.R. Shaikh, R. Hegerl, and J. Frank. An approach to examining model dependence in EM reconstructions using cross-validation. J. Struct. Biol. 142: 301-310 (2003)
  • M. Valle, R. Gillet, S. Kaur, A. Henne, V. Ramakrishnan, and J. Frank Visualizing tmRNA entry into a stalled ribosome. Science 300: 127-130 (2003).
  • H. Gao, J. Sengupta, M. Valle, A. Korostelev, N. Eswar, S.M. Stagg, P. Van Roey, R.K. Agrawal, S.C. Harvey, A. Sali, M.S. Chapman, and J. Frank. Study of the structural dynamics of the E. coli 70S ribosome using real space refinement. Cell 113: 789-801 (2003).
  • M. Valle, A. Zavialov, W. Li, S.M. Stagg, J. Sengupta, R.C. Nielsen, P. Nissen, S.C. Harvey, M. Ehrenberg, and J. Frank. Incorporation of aminoacyl-tRNA into the ribosome as seen by cryo-EM. Nature Struct. Biol. 10: 899-906 (2003).
  • F. Tama, M. Valle, J. Frank, and C.L. Brooks III. Dynamic reorganization of the functionally active ribosome explored by normal mode analysis and cryo-electron microscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 100: 9319-9323 (2003).
  • B.K. Rath, R. Hegerl, A. Leith, T.R. Shaikh, T. Wagenknecht, and J. Frank. Fast 3D motif search of EM density maps using a locally normalized cross-correlation function. J. Struct. Biol. 144: 95-103 (2003).
  • R. Moccia, D. Chen, V. Lyles, E. Kapuya, Y.E, S. Kalachikov, C.M.T. Spahn, J. Frank, E.R. Kandel, M. Barad, and K.C. Martin. An unbiased cDNA library prepared from isolated Aplysia sensory neuron processes is enriched for cytoskeletal and translational mRNAs. J. Neuroscience, in press (2003).
  • M.G. Gomez-Lorenzo, M. Valle, J. Frank, C. Gruss, C.O.S. Sorzano, X.S. Chen, L.E. Donte, and J.M. Carazo. Large T antigen on the simian virus 40 origin of replication: a 3D snapshot prior to DNA replication. EMBO J 22:6205-6213 (2003).
  • J. Frank. Toward an understanding of the structural basis of translation. Genome Biology 4: 237 (2003).
  • J. Frank. Electron microscopy of functional ribosome complexes. Bipolymers 68: 223-233 (2003).
  • U.B.S. Rawat, A.V. Zavialov, J. Sengupta, M. Valle, R.A. Grassucci, J. Linde, B. Vestergaard, M. Ehrenberg, and J. Frank. A cryo-electron microscopic study of ribosome-bound termination factor RF2, Nature, 421: 87-90 (2003).
  • J. Frank. Electron microscopy of functional ribosome complexes. Bipolymers, Nuc. Acid Sci., 68: 223-233 (2003).
  • M. Valle, A. Zavialov, J. Sengupta, U. Rawat, M. Ehrenberg, and J. Frank. Locking and unlocking of ribosomal motions. Cell, 114: 123-134 (2003)
  • T.R. Shaikh, R. Hegerl, and J. Frank. An approach to examining model dependence in EM reconstructions using cross-validation. J. Struct. Biol., 142: 301-310 (2003)
  • M. Valle, R. Gillet, S. Kaur, A. Henne, V. Ramakrishnan, and J. Frank. Visualizing tmRNA entry into a stalled ribosome. Science, 300: 127-130 (2003).
  • H. Gao, J. Sengupta, M. Valle, A. Korostelev, N. Eswar, S.M. Stagg, P. Van Roey, R.K. Agrawal, S.C. Harvey, A. Sali, M.S. Chapman, and J. Frank. Study of the structural dynamics of the E. coli 70S ribosome using real space refinement. Cell, 113: 789-801 (2003).
  • J. Frank. Single-particle imaging of macromolecules by cryo-electron microscopy. Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct., 31: 303-319 (2002).
  • J. Frank and R.K. Agrawal. Ratchet-like movements between the two ribosomal subunits: their implications in elongation factor recognition and tRNA translocation. In Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology: The Ribosome, Vol 66., Cold Spring Harbor Press, NY, p67-75 (2002).
  • R. Beckmann, C.M.T. Spahn, J. Frank, and G. Blobel. The active 80S ribosome-Sec61 comples. In Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology: The Ribosome, Vol. LXVI, Cold Spring Harbor Press, NY, p543-554 (2002).
  • H. Gao, C.M.T. Spahn, R.A. Grassucci, and J. Frank. An assay for local quality in cryo-electron micrographs of single particles. Ultramicroscopy, 93: 169-178 (2002).
  • M. Valle, J. Sengupta, N.K. Swami, R.A. Grassucci, N. Burkhardt, K.H. Nierhaus, R.K. Agrawal, and J. Frank. Cryo-EM reveals an active role for the aminoacyl-tRNA in the accomodation process. EMBL J., 21: 3557-3567 (2002).
  • J. Frank. A cold look at transcription. Structure, 10: 1156-1157 (2002).
  • J. Frank, T. Wagenknecht, B.F. McEwen, M. Marko, C. Hsieh, and C.A. Mannella. Three-dimensional imaging of biological complexity. J. Struct. Biol., 138: 85-91 (2002).
  • C. Hsieh, M. Marko, J. Frank, and C.A. Mannella (2002). Electron tomographic analysis of frozen-hydrated tissue sections. J. Struct. Biol., 138: 63-73.
  • S.M. Stagg, M. Valle, R.K. Agrawal, J. Frank, S.C. Harvey. Problems with the transorientation hypothesis. RNA, 8:1093-1094 (2002).
  • C.M.T. Spahn, G. Blaha, R.K. Agrawal, P. Penczeck, R.A. Grassucci, C.A. Trieber, S.R. Connell, D.E. Taylor, K.H. Nierhaus, and J. Frank. Localization of the tetracycline resistance protein Tet(O) on the ribosome and the inhibition mechanism of tetracycline. Mol. Cell, 7: 1037-1045 (2001).
  • C.M.T. Spahn, J.S. Kieft, R.A. Grassucci, P. Penczek, K. Zhou, J.A. Doudna, and J. Frank. Hepatitis C virus IRES RNA induced changes in the conformation of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Science, 291:1959-1962 (2001).
  • I.S. Gabashvili, S.T. Gregory, M. Valle, R. Grassucci, M. Worbs, M.C. Wahl, A.E. Dahlberg, and J. Frank. The polypeptide tunnel system in the ribosome and its gating in erythromycin resistance mutants of L4 and L22. Mol. Cell, 8: 181-188 (2001).
  • R.K. Agrawal, J. Linde, J. Sengupta, K.H. Nierhaus, and J. Frank. Localization of L11 protein on the ribosome and elucidation of its involvement in EF-G-dependent translocation. J. Mol. Biol., 311: 777-787 (2001).
  • J. Sengupta, R.K. Agrawal, and J. Frank. Visualization of protein S1 within the 30S ribosomal subunit. Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. (USA), 98: 11991-11996 (2001).
  • C.M.T. Spahn, R. Beckmann, N. Eswar, P. Penczek, A. Sali, G. Blobel, and J. Frank. Structure of the 80S ribosome from Sacharomyces cerevisiae - tRNA - ribosome and subunit-subunit interactions. Cell, 107: 373-386 (2001).
  • R. Beckmann, C.M.T. Spahn, N. Eswar, J. Helmers, P.A. Penczek, A. Sali, J. Frank, and G. Blobel. Analysis of the protein-conducting channel associated with the translating 80S ribosome. Cell, 107: 361-372 (2001).
  • J. Frank. Cryo-electron Microscopy as an Investigative Tool: the Ribosome as an Example. BioEssays, 23: 725-732 (2001).
  • J. Frank. Ribosomal dynamics explored by cryo-electron microscopy. Methods, 25: 309-315 (2001).
  • B. McEwen and J. Frank. Electron tomographic and other approaches for imaging molecular machines. Cur. Opin. in Neurobiology, 11: 594-600 (2001).
  • R.K. Agrawal, A. B. Heagle, and J. Frank. Studies of Elongation factor G-dependent tRNA translocation by three-dimensional cryo-electron microscopy. In The Ribosome: Structure, Function, Antibiotics, and Cellular Interactions, Edited by R.A. Garrett, S.R. Douthwaite, A. Liljas, A.T. Matheson, P.B. Moore, and H.F. Noller, ASM Press, Washington, DC,Chpt.6, p53-62 (2000).
  • M.S. VanLoock, A. Malhotra, D.A. Case, R.K. Agrawal, P. Penczek, T.R. Easterwood, J. Frank, and S. C. Harvey. Functional interpretation of the cryo-electron microscopy map of the 30S ribosomal subunit from Escherichia coli. In The Ribosome: Structure, Function, Antibiotics, and Cellular Interactions, Edited by R.A. Garrett, S.R. Douthwaite,
  • A. Liljas, A.T. Matheson, P.B. Moore, and H.F. Noller, ASM Press, Washington, DC,Chpt.15, p165-171 (2000).
  • I.S. Gabashvili, R.K. Agrawal, C.M.T. Spahn, R.A.Grassucci, D.I. Svergun, J. Frank, and P. Penczek. Solution structure of the E. Coli ribosome at 11.5 Å resolution. Cell, 100: 51-63 (2000).
  • J. Frank, P. Penczek, R.A. Grassucci, A. Heagle, C.M.T. Spahn, and R.K. Agrawal. Cryo-electron microscopy of the translational apparatus: Experimental evidence for the paths of mRNA, tRNA, and the polypeptide chain. In The Ribosome: Structure, Function, Antibiotics, and Cellular Interactions, Edited by R.A. Garrett, S.R. Douthwaite, A. Liljas, A.T. Matheson, P.B. Moore, and H.F. Noller, ASM Press, Washington, DC, Chpt.5, p45-51 (2000).
  • J. Frank and R.K. Agrawal. A ratchet-like inter-subunit reorganization of the ribosome during translocation. Nature, 406: 318-322 (2000).
  • J. Frank. The ribosome- a macromolecular machine par excellence. Chemistry & Biology, 7: R133-R141 (2000).
  • R.K. Agrawal, C.M.T. Spahn, P. Penczek, R.A.Grassucci, K.H. Nierhaus, and J. Frank. Visualization of tRNA movements on the Escherichia coli 70S ribosome during the elongation cycle. J. Cell Biol., 150: 447-459 (2000).
  • M.G. Gomez-Lorenzo, C.M.T. Spahn, R.K. Agrawal, R.A. Grassucci, P. Penczek, K.Chakraburtty, J.P.G. Ballesta, J.L. Lavandera, J.F. Garcia-Bustos, and J. Frank. Three-dimensional cryo-electron microscopy localization of EF2 in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 80S ribosome at 17.5 Å resolution. EMBO J., 19: 2710-2718 (2000).
  • C.M.T. Spahn, P.A. Penczek, A. Leith, and J. Frank. A method for differentiating proteins from nucleic acids in intermediate-resolution density maps: cryo-electron microscopy difines the quaternary structure of the E. coli 70S ribosome. Structure, 8: 937-948 (2000).
  • M.S. VanLoock, R.K.Agrawal, I.S. Gabashvili, L. Qi, J. Frank, and S.C. Harvey. Movement of the decoding region of the 16S ribosomal RNA accompanies tRNA translocation. J. Mol. Biol., 304: 507-515 (2000).
  • W. Wriggers, R.K. Agrawal, D.L. Drew, A. McCammon, and J. Frank. Domain motions of EF-G bound to the 70S ribosome: insights from a hand-shaking between multi-resolution structures. Biophysical J., 79: 1670-1678 (2000).
  • J. Frank, P. Penczek, R.K. Agrawal, R.A. Grassucci, and A.B. Heagle. Three-dimensional cryoelectron microscopy of ribosomes. In Methods of Enzymology, Edited by D.W. Celander and J.N. Abelson, Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 317: 276-291 (2000).
  • I.S. Gabashvili, R. K. Agrawal, R. A. Grassucci, and J. Frank. Structure and structural variations of the Escherichia coli 30S ribosomal subunit as revealed by three-dimensional cryo-electron microscopy. J. Mol. Biol., 286: 1285-1291 (1999).
  • R. A. Agrawal and J. Frank. Structural studies of the translational apparatus. Cur. Opin. Struct. Biol., 9: 215-221 (1999).
  • R.K. Agrawal, R.K. Lata and J. Frank. Conformational variability in Escherichia coli 70S ribosome as revealed by 3D cryo-electorn microscopy. Intern. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 31: 243-254 (1999).
  • R.K. Agrawal, P. Penczek, R.A. Grassucci, N. Burkhardt, K.H. Nierhaus, and J. Frank. Effect of buffer conditions on the position of tRNA on the 70S ribosome as visualized by cryoelectron microscopy. J. Biol. Chem., 274: 8723-8729 (1999).
  • R.K. Agrawal, A.B. Heagle, P. Penczek, R.A. Grassucci, and J. Frank. EF-G dependent GTP hydrolysis induces translocation accompanied by large conformational changes in the 70S ribosome. Nat. Struct. Biol., 6: 643-647 (1999).
  • J.P. McCutcheon, R.K. Agrawal, S.M. Philips, R.A. Grassucci, S.E. Gerchman, W.M. Clemons, Jr., V. Ramakrishnan, and J. Frank. Location of translational initiation factor IF3 on the small ribosomal subunit. PNAS (USA), 96: 4301-4306 (1999).
  • I.S. Gabashvili, R.K. Agrawal, R.Grassucci, C.L. Squires, A.E. Dahlberg, and J. Frank. Major rearrangements in the 70S ribosomal 3D structure caused by a conformational switch in 16S ribosomal RNA. EMBO J., 18: 6501-6507 (1999).
  • C.M.T. Spahn, R.A. Grassucci, P. Penczek, and J. Frank. Direct three-dimensional localization and positive identification of RNA helices within the ribosome by means of genetic tagging and cryo-electron microscopy. Structure, 7: 1567-1573 (1999).
  • J. Frank, A.B. Heagle, and R.K. Agrawal. Animation of the dynamical events of the elongation cycle based on cryoelectron microscopy of functional complexes of the ribosome. J. Struct. Biol., 128: 15-18 (1999).
  • P.Penczek, N. Ban, R.A. Grassucci, R.K. Agrawal, and J. Frank. Haloarcula marismortui 50S subunit-complementarity of electron microscopy and X-ray crystallographic information. J. Struct. Biol., 128: 44-50 (1999).
  • A.Malhotra and J. Frank. Predicting three-dimensional structure of ribosomal RNA using cryo electron microscopy maps of the Escherichia coli ribosome. Nucleic Acids Symp. Series, 41: 32-34 (1999).
  • A. Malhotra, P. Penczek, R.K. Agrawal, I.S. Gabashvili, R.A. Grassucci, R. Jünemann, N. Burkhardt, K.H. Nierhaus, J. Frank. Escherichia coli 70S ribosome at 15-A resolution by cryo-electron microscopy: localization of fMet-tRNAfMet and fitting of L1 protein. J. Mol. Biol., 280: 103-115 (1998).
  • R.K. Agrawal, P. Penczek, R.A. Grassucci, and J. Frank (1998). Visualization of elongation factor G on the Escherichia coli ribosome: The mechanism of translocation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 95: 6134-6138.
  • N. Ban, B. Freeborn, P. Nisson, P. Penczek, R.A. Grassucci, R. Sweet, J. Frank, P.B. Moore, and T.A. Steitz. A 9 A resolution X-ray crystallographic map of the large ribosomal subunit. Cell, 93: 1105-1115 (1998).
  • J. Frank. How the ribosome works. Amer. Sci., 86: 428-439 (1998).
  • J. Frank. The ribosome structure and functional ligand-binding experiments using cryo-electron microscopy. J. Struct. Biol., 124: 142-150 (1998).
  • A. Verschoor, J. Warner, S. Srivastava, R. Grassucci, and J. Frank. Three-dimensional structure of the yeast ribosome. Nucleic Acids Research, 26: 655-661 (1998).
  • R. Beckmann, D. Bubeck, R. Grassucci, P. Penczek, A. Verschoor, G. Blobel, and J. Frank. Alignment of conduits for the nascent polypeptide chain in the ribosome-Sec61 complex. Science, 278: 2123-2126 (1997).

Contact Information

E-mail: jf2192@columbia.edu