Recent advances have transformed neuroscience research. Wadsworth scientists and engineers are augmenting and exploiting these advances in many different areas. For example, several investigators study the genetic, anatomical, physiological, and immunological bases of neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, environmental, and traumatic disorders. Furthermore, the recent realization that activity-dependent plasticity occurs continually throughout the CNS and throughout life, and that new technology can support complex real-time adaptive interactions with the CNS to induce and guide this plasticity, enables others to develop powerful new research tools and therapeutic methods that can restore useful function to people disabled by injury or disease. These investigators are developing new methods for interacting with the CNS so as to induce plasticity and improve impaired functions. They place strong emphasis on translating basic science advances achieved in the laboratory into clinical studies in humans and eventually into clinical practice. This translational work is concentrated in the new Wadsworth-based National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, which is supported by a P41 grant from the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering.